Thematic data analysis process consists of three interrelated stages namely data reduction, data display and data conclusion-drawing or verification (Miles & Huberman, Citation1994). For Japan and Israel, they can be effectively summed up by environmentalism and geneticism, respectively. In other words, it acknowledges the social origins of much of human thought and action (what individuals learn by being part of a society), whereas the cognitive portion recognises the influential contribution of thought processes to human motivation, attitudes, and action (Bandura, Citation1999). And it all starts with effective patient-doctor communication. 98 Japanese women in England and 88 Japanese women in Japan: South-East Asian: Thai: Kaewsarn (2003a) . Japan is also one of a handful of countries where episiotomy is still widely practiced. government site. Again, 2.9 million neonates die, with three-quarters of these deaths taking place in the first 7 days of life (UNICEF, Citation2012). Some participants were of the view that yellowish discoloration of the eyes and palms of the baby are normal and will often resolve with time. The West tried to isolate Russia. Abstract Determining the elements of culturally competent health care is an important goal for nurses. They are also good in protecting women against pregnancy (Postnatal woman, FGD). When it comes to having babies, every culture has its own special customs. Private hospitals and clinics that do have childbirth facilities will usually be able to offer a better level of comfort versus general hospitals. 2016 Jul 5;16(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0938-4. This study was conducted to document the beliefs and practices along the prenatal, antenatal, through the peripartum period among women in Southern Ghana. The application for child benefit payments must be made by the householder, which is defined as the parent with the highest income. Doctors must approach these conversations differently from the way we might discuss less intimate procedures. Another local practice in preparation for labour is engaging in sex. The ANC schedule is programmed such that a pregnant woman will have to make monthly visits during the first 7 months. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The district has a population of 69,186 which represents 1.4% of Ashanti Regions population. Of these, half gave birth within the past three years. A study in Ghana found that pregnant women were given herbal medicines by traditional birth attendants to induce labour, augment and control bleeding during labour (Otoo et al., Citation2015). Further, they cannot perform more complicated deliveries such as a Caesarean section. To celebrate the new baby and get milk flowing, mothers drink a traditional beverage called lohusa serbeti (postpartum sherbet). This practice was believed to make the baby healthy and also prevent the skin from becoming dried up as illustrated with the quote: We massage the baby with mustard oil or shea butter to make the baby healthy and prevent drying up of the skin (Postnatal woman, IDI). This is illustrated in the following quote: Some of us live in places where you will have to cross a river before you go the clinic for them to assess you and the baby but because we pregnant women are not supposed to cross the river, we do not go (Elderly woman, IDI). You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. Minato Citys website is also a good source for updated information in English. Another reason cited for delivery at TBA is the use of herbs which is believed to be effective and facilitate the labour. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Socio-cultural beliefs and practices during pregnancy, child birth, and postnatal period: A qualitative study in Southern Ghana, 1 World Health Organization Country Office for Ghana, Ghana;2 Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, Cultural beliefs and practices of women influencing home births in rural Northern Ghana, Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: A systematic analysis by the un Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7, Maternal death in rural Ghana: A case study in the Upper East region of Ghana, Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective, Beyond symptom recognition: Care-seeking for ill newborns in rural Ghana, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01981.x, Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: A review of the evidence, Maternal care practices among the ultra poor households in rural Bangladesh: A qualitative exploratory study, Causes of neonatal deaths in a rural subdistrict of Bangladesh: Implications for intervention, Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation, Time to initiation of breastfeeding and neonatal mortality and morbidity: A systematic review, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S19, A review of cultural influence on maternal mortality in the developing world, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.04.002, A two-year review of uterine rupture in a regional hospital, Healthcare in Low-resource Settings: The individual perspective, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2695, Huge poor-rich inequalities in maternity care: An international comparative study of maternity and child care in developing countries, Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182518375, An intervention involving traditional birth attendants in Pakistan, Every newborn: Progress, priorities, and potential beyond survival, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60496-7, Cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02709.x, Perception of care in Zambian women attending community antenatal clinics, The Ghana community-based health planning and services initiative for scaling up service delivery innovation, Orthodox versus unorthodox care: A qualitative study on where rural women seek healthcare during pregnancy and childbirth in Southwest, Nigeria, Food prohibitions and other traditional practices in pregnancy: A Qualitative study in Western Region of Ghana, The effect of community nurses and health volunteers on child mortality: The Navrongo community health and family planning project, https://doi.org/10.1080/14034940701349225, Nyo dua hli30 days confinement: Traditions and changed childbearing beliefs and practices among Hmong women in Australia, Maternal mortality in Ghana: The other side, Committing to child survival A promise renewed, Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.167, Local understandings of vulnerability and protection during the neonatal period in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: A qualitative study, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66836-5. As noted by Creswell et al. In the hospital they make you lie down and raise your leg. Following that, line-by-line reading of all transcripts within the NVivo 11 software and relevant portions of statements made by respondents coded unto existing and new nodes. Culture plays a major role in the way a woman perceives and prepares for her birthing experience. or 214-645-8300 Pregnancy is the time that many women believe they can eat just about anything. These positions are shown with the following quotes: It depends on every individual; I sometimes indulge in sex six months after delivery (Postnatal woman, FGD). Integrating cultural values, beliefs, and customs into pregnancy and The qualitative data were audio-taped using a digital voice recorder. More than one-half (38) of the articles focused on South Asia and 13 related to China. Parents have to stick to a list of accepted names approved by the government when filling out a birth certificate. English versions of the Maternity and Children Health Handbook are also available. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. I also have some medicine that I apply on the babys body for it to disappear (TBA, IDI). To announce babys birth, parents place a stuffed stork in a window facing the street so it looks like the stork just flew in make the delivery. The following quotes support these views: The husband must have sex with the woman frequently to open up the place so that the woman will have a smooth delivery. This amount is 420,000 ($3,092) per child. In all the interviews, participants were of the view that a baby had to be confined until the official outdooring and naming was done. In effect, notes taken during the interviews covered; interactions between the interviewer and interviewees, non-verbal communication, environment, and reflections from interview content. Despite investments in interventions to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, progress has been slow, especially in developing countries. What may surprise some is that the majority of hospitals, clinics, and maternity homes in Japan require expecting mothers to make a reservation for the birth in advance. They were of the view that babies need variety in their diet. It emerged during the FGDs that some pregnant women did not take the folic acid they received during pregnancy. Cultural beliefs and practices of women influencing home births in Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants, Both FGDs and IDIs showed that it was inappropriate to announce a pregnancy until it becomes visible. Here are some pregnancy beliefs and customs from different parts of the world. In addition, participants indicated that swelling of the feet was sign that the baby in the uterus was a male. 2022 Dec 15;12(12):e068216. This is shown by the quote below: It [folic acid] gives you appetite for food. 2016 Aug;39:87-97. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.05.005. Globally, about 830 women die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications every day and this is unacceptably high (Alkema et al., Citation2016). Instead the immigration bureau will accept a certificate or receipt from your embassy showing that you have applied for one. With the vouchers, the cost of these check-ups roughly breaks down as follows but costs vary depending on the hospital or clinic, as well as the medical diagnosis. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! PMC This may be related, in part, to women's beliefs about exercise in pregnancy, which are likely influenced by cultural background. This means more clothes, more personal items (e.g. Chen M, Makama M, Skouteris H, Moran LJ, Harrison CL, Choi T, Lim S. Nutrients. For example, some clinics are female only and do not allow males to accompany their partners; some will not deliver the baby if the mother has not been attending that clinic or hospital for regular checkups since early in their pregnancy. 2. Secondly, because each pregnancy requires a different level of care there cannot be a fixed fee. During this period, friends visit and eat the celebratory red rice and red bean dish osekihan. Maintaining health during pregnancy and postpartum involves many things that should be done as well as many things that should be avoided. The Japanese believe that babies who cry loud and often are healthier and will grow much faster. Just ask any foreign woman who has given birth in Japan. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068216. If they do not feel that they can exercise control over their health behaviour, they are not motivated to act, or to persist through challenges. We humbly apologize for the inconvenience. Your guide to pregnancy-related abbreviations, PeriPAN: Getting pregnant and postpartum women mental health care faster, Opioid use and pregnancy: An honest discussion, Progesterone and premature birth: What a new study means for pregnant women, During pregnancy, avoid cold cuts and soft cheeses to reduce listeria risk, As RSV rates soar, get tips to protect new babies, Self-serve birth control? This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Who needs a sonogram to show whether its a boy or girl? The codebook defined the various codes used during coding, their definition, when to use and when not to use such a code and examples of statements that should be considered for coding into particular codes. If your Japanese isnt good enough to make such enquiries then youll need to ask a friend or find a place that is geared towards foreigners. The spoon means a girl, the knife a boy and the fork means the gender is undetermined. Training of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) and providing them with disposable delivery kits was the focus of a study carried out in Pakistan where the intervention arm of the study recorded less maternal deaths than the control arm, and a 30% decrease in neonatal mortality (Jokhio et al., Citation2005). Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. With the aid of NVivo 11, the data was analysed thematically. This according to participants was to protect the baby from evil people in the community. You boil it pour it in bucket and sit on it and also drink some (Woman with child under five, FGD). Initiating breast-feeding earlier than this will cause the baby to be upset. A comparison of beliefs about exercise during pregnancy between Chinese Parents buy a full set of new red dishes for a boy or new black dishes for a girl to serve the meal. Ripe plantain for instance, is believed to cause false labour whilst egg is forbidden because of the belief that the baby will become a thief in future. For me I have a small baby so I protect myself using the injectable so that I dont get pregnant (Woman with children under five, FGD). However, before writing your first comment, please create a display name The beliefs and practices during puerperium were further divided into those that are related to care of the baby and those related to the mother. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Authors: Mellissa Withers,Nina Kharazmi (MPH Student), Esther Lim (Clinical Research Coordinator) Parents dress the babies up in detailed kimonos. This practice was believed to contribute to making the head round as illustrated with the quotes: We prepare both hot and cold water for the bathing of the baby and then we use shea butter to massage their whole body and then we use cool water to massage their heads (Elderly woman, FGD). Many expecting mothers will visit multiple places to see the facilities, and the home pages of the private hospitals and clinics will often have photographs of comfortable hotel-like rooms or well-prepared courses dinners to entice you. This will cost about 5,000-10,000, and include a urine test and an ultrasound (depending on the number of weeks). Maternal and. Stud Fam Plann. To let them rest and focus on caring for their infant, female relatives and friends pitch in with household responsibilities like cooking, cleaning and taking care of other children. Invariably, the health care that a mother receives during pregnancy, at the time of delivery, and soon after delivery is important for the survival and well-being of both the mother and her child. While pregnancy and childbirth is a universal experience, having a baby in another culture can be full of surprises. 3,000 to 5,000 per check-up after that (if blood tests are required this will increase the cost to 10,000-15,000), Inkan / Seal (if you have oneforeigners often just sign instead), An application form (available at immigration). Omiyamairis generally take place when boys and girls are 31 and 33 days old, respectively, although some geographic variations exist. Each culture has its own values, beliefs and practices related to pregnancy and birth. Other family members are expected to help out with chores as she bonds with the new baby. The demerits are that waiting times for checkups can sometimes be longer, you may not see the same doctor each time you go, and the food and general level of service might not be as good as at the private hospitals and clinics. New moms here miss out on a lot of the fun. In Bangladesh, an earlier study reported that confinement of the mother and baby was observed until noai ceremony on day 7 or 9 to protect the baby against any evil (Winch et al., Citation2005). Japan child abuse cases reach new record; revenge porn on the rise, Japan to rename sex crime to highlight illegality of nonconsensual intercourse, Why Japan couldnt send its foreign minister to a key G20 meeting, Same-sex married couple hopeful Japan court will overturn residential status decision, Details emerge on teenage suspect in stabbing at Saitama school. This might mean more dedicated and personalized care, better food, a private room, or the benefit that the doctor with you for the regular check-ups should also be present at the birth. Participants mentioned some local herbs that are either ingested or used as enema in preparation towards childbirth. These herbs are used at places where there is less expertise in managing antepartum and postpartum haemorrhage. This social practice restricts the mother and the neonate from seeking health care outside the home thus preventing the continuum of care during the neonatal period. For example, not all places can offer painless delivery (an epidural injection during labor to relieve pain); others have more advanced ultrasound technology, and so on. Epub 2016 May 10. When they finally do, it symbolizes their crossing over to our earthly realm. Note that no proof of income is required at the time of application, but to ensure that payments are in accordance with changing circumstances, each year in June you need to submit an update notification (, genky-todoke) to the municipal offices. However, the unanimous position was that sex activity could start at least 40 days after delivery. To support the financial burden of childbirth, families are given a childbirth lump-sum allowance (, shussan-ikuji-ichikin). Below are some of the most intriguing traditions that have stood the test of time. One element of the standard advice for pregnant women in Japan is worrying, however. In any case, the more popular hospitals get booked quickly so its important to act fast. The issuance of a residence card for your child typically takes 14 days (the card will not show your childs photograph so you do not need to prepare one for the application). Your Pregnancy Matters, Appointment Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control toward exercise, together with current levels of . But today, particularly in culturally diverse communities such as the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, doctors must strive for cultural competence to provide optimal care. Semi-structured FGD and IDI guides were used to collect data for this study. phone chargers, books, magazines, etc. While Japanese people represent a significant and growing cultural group within the United States, little is known about the culture-specific needs of Japanese women who experience pregnancy and childbirth in this country. In this Hindu country, an important birthing tradition is burying the placenta, which is believed to be alive and almost like a twin sibling of the newborn. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266613817302012?via%3Dihub#! Beliefs and practices regarding delivery and postpartum maternal morbidity in rural Bangladesh. Studies in Ghana and Nigeria have documented that pregnant women in these countries saw pedal oedema as a sign that a male child or twins will be born, and were not able to make the connection between the oedema and high blood pressure (Okafor et al., Citation2014; Senah, Citation2003). According to SCT, three main factors affect the likelihood that a person will change health behaviour: (1) Self-efficacy, (2) Goals, and (3) Outcome expectancies. In those instances, doctors should direct all questions and comments to the patient, not the interpreter, to establish a connection and foster lasting, positive health care relationships. After baby arrives, the new mom traditionally stays at her parents home for at least a month, and rests in bed for 21 days to recuperate and bond with baby, while family members pitch in with chores. As for okro, it will make the baby have diarrhoea (Woman with under- five child, FGD). First, you need to register the birth at your local city office within 14 days and to do this you will need a birth certificate issued by the medical staff at the hospital where your child was born. PDF Multicultural Clinical Support Resource - Cultural dimensions of Finally, we propose a neurocognitive model of perinatal beliefs generation, and we show the need to know these beliefs to improve care in midwifery . Culture, Pregnancy, and Its Challenges | SpringerLink In relation to sexual practices after birth, participants generally agreed that the practice could vary among couples. for that one it is like a satanic illness, instead of the baby growing big after forty days, the baby will be growing small, soft body with Asram and the fontanelle is not closing up so when you are pregnant you must see those who have these medicines, they will give you herbs to drink and also use to prepare soup so even if someone wants to harm your baby after delivery it wont work (Woman with child under five, FGD). During labour, we also give it the delivery is delaying. There is therefore the need for the formal health system to collaborate with the TBAs to ensure all such babies are immunised. So, my mother advised me to give him water and he stopped. The study found squatting position is one of the reasons for the use of TBA facilities. For . According to them, certain foods were believed to decrease the production of breastmilk and also cause stomach-ache. Some patients and doctors still adhere to a paternalistic model of health care in which doctor knows best. Patients might be hesitant to ask questions out of fear of judgment, so doctors must provide every opportunity for open communication. Though many women today have come to believe that there are choices surrounding pregnancy and birth, the beliefs and practices of providers, insurers, and hospital administrators play a major role in either influencing those choices or dictating how they will be manifested. At the ceremony the parents take turns feeding the baby, wishing he/she will have abundance of food throughout his/her life. However, in phenomenological research, the participants perceptions, feelings, and lived experiences are paramount and are the object of study (Wertz, Citation2005). their care during pregnancy, labour and birth, and postnatal care. Asian women suffer the largest proportion of the world's maternal deaths. You will have to wait for at least forty days before having sex or sometimes for three to six months after birth (Elderly woman, FGD). Obviously, this extra level of care and service comes at a cost, and private hospitals and clinics can be considerably more expensive than general or university hospitals. Epub 2013 Jul 8. 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Queries were also run in NVivo to quantify some of the qualitative data and the results exported and added to the qualitative data in the results. NRSG833 - Cultural Considerations: Asian Culture Traditional Postpartum Practices and Rituals: A Qualitative Systematic The following quotes are illustrations of that practice: There are herbs we give to pregnant women from five months onwards to help in the birth process. In SCT, learning is viewed as knowledge acquisition through cognitive processing of information. To support families with the cost of raising a child, child benefit is provided to all families. If the home test from the pharmacy is positive, then youll want to have a doctor confirm the result. It is therefore evident that maternal mortality is a health indicator that shows very wide gaps between the rich and the poor, urban, and rural areas, both between and within countries. The herbs they say makes the baby strong .we have some we take through the anus, called Awuo mre aduro, and for this one they claim it makes you have smooth delivery. In addition, when one is pregnant with a boy, the uterus is often bigger than when it is a female. Published By: Midwifery HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Religious beliefs are important in the promotion of a healthy pregnancy and in the prevention of problems during pregnancy and following birth. There was, however, no consensus on the strategies used to prevent unplanned pregnancy.