Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? The Loharas ruled for many generations. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Let us know more about Rajatarangini. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Wife of Damodara. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Answer. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. View Answer
[18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). After ruling indirectly and directly. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Sanskrit Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Verse 7. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. } The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Rajatarangini - Wikipedia This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. It is by late Vidwan T.K. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. A Persian Mahabharata: The 1598-1599 Razmnama They cannot be abusive or personal. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. This quarterly has been published regularly since As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He was known for his religious tolerance. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. all exact any . Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Son of Sangramapida II. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. The Journal of Asian Studies the Kambojs The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator.