why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

[This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. VAT reg no 816865400. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Company Reg no: 04489574. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. J. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. VAT reg no 816865400. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Born: 7 September 1533. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. Save. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Best Answer. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. to answer the Section Focus Question: Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Topic guides / This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." France was at war with England and Spain. It had to deal with Irish . Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Become a Member | The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Manage Settings The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. 1. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Overview of Elizabeth I / As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. They began to revolt against the Spanish. By 1568 most people had accepted. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. 214 High Street, He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. he could also overthrow her. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Register for free, Home / One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. This increased tension between England and Spain. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Company Reg no: 04489574. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. The attack was a success. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Student / She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Doodle's Point of View 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Boston House, The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. What were the causes of westward As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Henry himself gave people cause . Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Boston Spa, - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. 1558 -french threat. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. LS23 6AD She was a Protestant. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. . It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Continue with Recommended Cookies. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. West Yorkshire, English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada.

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