The United States Navy's Phalanx CIWS's M61 Vulcan Gatling gun used 20 mm armor-piercing penetrator rounds with discarding plastic sabots and a core made using depleted uranium, later changed to tungsten. Soldiers? [53], In 2007, France, Britain, the Netherlands, and the Czech Republic voted against a United Nations General Assembly resolution to hold a debate in 2009 about the effects of the use of armaments and ammunitions containing depleted uranium. Le fleuve fut d'abord appelé Ἠριδανός Ēridanós par les Grecs[réf. Their findings were that:[45], There is no specific treaty ban on the use of DU projectiles. Depleted uranium is often used in the cameras as a shield to protect individuals from the gamma source. In 1996, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) gave an advisory opinion on the "legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons". In February 2000, Cogema discontinued the sale of depleted uranium to producers of enamel and glass. [28] Such disposal of the entire DUF6 inventory could cost anywhere from $15 million to $450 million. Requests for a moratorium on military use, Shielding in industrial radiography cameras, Sampling calorimeters for detectors in high-energy particle physics, Contamination as a result of the Afghan War, Atmospheric contamination as a result of military actions. According to an article in Al Jazeera, DU from American artillery is suspected to be one of the major causes of an increase in the general mortality rate in Iraq since 1991. Souvent utilisé comme synonyme de « plaine padane » ou « basse plaine ». [11], The actual level of acute and chronic toxicity of DU is also controversial. [4] Most of the alpha radiation comes from U-238 and U-234[5] whereas beta radiation comes from thorium-234 and protactinium-234 that are formed within a few weeks. nécessaire], nom qui fait référence à un fleuve mythique qui se jetterait dans l'Océan. [109] The author of the reply, a radiation scientist, went on to suggest a method that had been used several times before, including after the 1986 Chernobyl accident. This re-enrichment recovery of the residual uranium-235 is now in practice in some parts of the world; e.g. A quasi-steady state is therefore reached within a few multiples of 24 days. [116] Nevertheless, in 1999, MEDACT petitioned for the WHO to conduct an investigation into illnesses in veterans and Iraqi civilians. Evidence from the Measurements of the Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Aberystwyth, Green Audit. [26], There have been several accidents involving uranium hexafluoride in the United States, including one in which 32 workers were exposed to a cloud of UF6 and its reaction products in 1986 at a Gore, Oklahoma, commercial uranium conversion facility. Reporting by Glenn Kessler, Meg Kelly, Salvador Rizzo and Michelle Ye Hee Lee.Design and development by Leslie Shapiro.. Authorities conducted an epidemiological study in 2000 of those believed to be affected by the accident. Consequently, a DU projectile of given mass has a smaller diameter than an equivalent lead projectile, with less aerodynamic drag and deeper penetration because of a higher pressure at point of impact. Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposure because, in addition to being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal,[8] although less toxic than other heavy metals, such as arsenic and mercury. [140] The International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons (ICBUW) likewise urged that an epidemiological study be made in the Basra region, as asked for by Iraqi doctors,[141] but no peer-reviewed study has yet been undertaken in Basra. [34] Kinetic energy penetrator rounds consist of a long, relatively thin penetrator surrounded by a discarding sabot. Veterans of the conflicts in the Persian Gulf, Bosnia and Kosovo have been found to have up to 14 times the usual level of chromosome abnormalities in their genes. [166], Elevated radiation levels consistent with very low level atmospheric depleted uranium contamination have been found in air samples taken by the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment at several monitoring sites in Britain. [110], The Royal Society Working Group on the Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium Munitions (RSDUWG) concluded in 2002 that there were "very low" health risks associated with the use of depleted uranium, though also ventured that, "[i]n extreme conditions and under worst-case assumptions" lung and kidney damage could occur, and that in "worst-case scenarios high local levels of uranium could occur in food or water that could have adverse effects on the kidney". This is because uranium-238 decays directly to thorium-234, which with a half-life of 24 days decays to protactinium-234, which in turn decays in a matter of hours to the long-lived uranium-234. Le Po, qui prend sa source au mont Viso dans le Piémont, près de la frontière occidentale de l'Italie, et se jette dans la mer Adriatique à l'est après avoir parcouru 652 kilomètres, est le plus long fleuve d'Italie. [22], Most depleted uranium is stored as uranium hexafluoride, a toxic crystalline solid, (D)UF6, in steel cylinders in open air storage yards close to enrichment plants. [36] 782,414 DU rounds were fired during the 1991 war in Iraq, mostly by US forces. uranyl acetate, used in analytical chemistry and as a stain in electron microscopy). Easy, well-researched, and trustworthy instructions for everything you want to know. Furthermore, female Gulf War veterans were almost three times more likely to report children with birth defects than their non-Gulf counterparts. For example, metallic uranium is less toxic compared to hexavalent uranium(VI) uranyl compounds such as uranium trioxide.[94][95]. The two other states that voted against the resolution were Israel and the United States (both of which voted against in 2007), while as before China was absent for the vote, and Russia abstained. As mentioned, the International Court of Justice considers this rule binding customary humanitarian law. Depuis l'Antiquité on rejoignait le cœur de la Lombardie, emportant les personnes et les marchandises. Typically, the uranium shield is supported and enclosed in polyurethane foam for thermal, mechanical and oxidation protection. [17] It is estimated that between 315 and 350 tons of DU were used in the 1991 Gulf War.[18]. The less radioactive and non-fissile uranium-238 constitutes the main component of depleted uranium. [69], Consumer product uses have included incorporation into dental porcelain, used for false teeth to simulate the fluorescence of natural teeth, and uranium-bearing reagents used in chemistry laboratories (e.g. [150], Between 1995 and 1996, U.S. Marine AV-8B Harrier jets accidentally fired more than 1500 DU rounds at the Tori Shima gunnery range but the military did not notify the Japanese government until January 1997. La Doire ripaire coule ensuite sur 125 kilomètres pour traverser la province de Turin, avant de se jeter dans le Pô. [87] According to a report issued summarizing the advice of the doctors, "Inhalation of insoluble uranium dioxide dust will lead to accumulation in the lungs with very slow clearance—if any. [62] In November 2010 the Irish Senate passed a bill seeking to outlaw depleted uranium weapons,[63] but it lapsed before approval by the Dáil. [56], In December 2008, 141 states supported a resolution requesting that three UN agencies: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), WHO and IAEA update their research on the impact of uranium munitions by late 2010—to coincide with the General Assembly's 65th Session, four voted against, 34 abstained and 13 were absent[57] As before Britain and France voted against the resolution. The aircraft crashed into the upper floor of an apartment complex. Trace transuranics (another indicator of the use of reprocessed material) have been reported to be present in some US tank armor. The Po-210 in groundwater comes from the geological structure around the underground aquifer. Medical diagnosis concluded that these symptoms related to toxic irritative Dermatitis.[157]. [121] Combustion products[122] from depleted uranium munitions are being considered[needs update] as one of the potential causes by the Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses, as DU was used in 30 mm and 25 mm cannon rounds on a large scale for the first time in the Gulf War. [89][90] Also, a 2005 epidemiology review concluded: "In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU. The map covers the part of Alps straddling the Duchy of Savoie (the present-day departements of Savoie and Hautes … Since 2001, medical personnel working for the Iraqi state health service controlled by Saddam Hussein at the Basra hospital in southern Iraq have reported a sharp increase in the incidence of child leukemia and genetic malformation among babies born in the decade following the Gulf War. [31] When a DU penetrator reaches the interior of an armored vehicle, it catches fire, often igniting ammunition and fuel, killing the crew and possibly causing the vehicle to explode. Finalement, le nom actuel Pô dérive d'une contraction[réf. A high density tamper like DU makes for a longer-lasting, more energetic, and more efficient explosion. Because natural uranium begins with such a low percentage of U-235, enrichment produces large quantities of depleted uranium. Afin d'éviter ces extrémités, la task force constituée des pompiers, de la sécurité civile, du corps forestier d'État et d'ingénieurs de l'ARPA, posa le long du Pô un matériau absorbant de cent mètres de long pour retenir le pétrole. [96] It will corrode under the influence of air and water producing insoluble uranium(IV) and soluble uranium(VI) salts. The US and NATO militaries used DU penetrator rounds in the 1991 Gulf War, the Bosnia war,[15] bombing of Serbia, the 2003 invasion of Iraq,[16] and 2015 airstrikes on ISIS in Syria. Elle prend sa source à 2 500 mètres d’altitude dans les Alpes cottiennes, à proximité du col de Montgenèvre situé dans le département français des Hautes Alpes. Yeung Sik Yuen writes in Paragraph 133 under the title "Legal compliance of weapons containing DU as a new weapon": Annex II to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 1980 (which became operative on 8 February 1997) classifies DU as a category II nuclear material. The practice was largely discontinued in the late 20th century. The US Army uses DU in an alloy with around 3.5% titanium. [104] Uranyl ion contamination in uranium oxides has been detected in the residue of DU munitions fires.[105][106]. Staballoys are approximately 1.67 times as dense as lead and are designed for use in kinetic energy penetrator armor-piercing ammunition. [19] In actuality, DoD uses only DU that contains approximately 0.2% 235U. [64], In December 2012, 155 states supported a United Nations' General Assembly resolution that recalled that, because of the ongoing uncertainties over the long-term environmental impacts of depleted uranium identified by the United Nations Environment Programme, states should adopt a precautionary approach to its use. [46], According to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, depleted uranium does not meet the legal definitions of nuclear, radiological, toxin, chemical, poison or incendiary weapons, as far as DU ammunition is not designed nor intended to kill or wounded by its chemical or radiological effects. [129], The U.S. Army has commissioned ongoing research into potential risks of depleted uranium and other projectile weapon materials like tungsten, which the U.S. Navy has used in place of DU since 1993. [126], In early 2004, the UK Pensions Appeal Tribunal Service attributed birth defect claims from a February 1991 Gulf War combat veteran to depleted uranium poisoning. Local residents and rescue workers complained of various unexplained health issues, which were being attributed to the release of hazardous materials during the crash and subsequent fires. [159], A 2001 oncology study concluded that "the present scientific consensus is that DU exposure to humans, in locations where DU ammunition was deployed, is very unlikely to give rise to cancer induction". [66] In contrast to the previous biennial resolutions, Germany moved to an abstention from supporting to the resolutions. However, the U.S. government has been converting DUF6 to solid uranium oxides for disposal. [67] Prior to the vote, in a report to the United Nations Secretary General requested by 2012's resolution published in June 2014, Iraq had called for a global treaty ban on depleted uranium weapons.[68]. metallic or ceramic), and the solubility of uranium and its compounds influence their absorption, distribution, translocation, elimination and the resulting toxicity. Il existe des services actifs de navigation commerciale de Crémone à la mer (292 kilomètres). The uranyl fluoride solid acts to plug the leak, limiting further escape of depleted UF6. [152], The Canadian Uranium Medical Research Centre obtained urine samples from bombed civilian areas in Jalalabad that showed concentrations of 80–400 ng/L of undepleted uranium, far higher than the typical concentration in the British population of ≈5 ng/L. The vulnerability of DUF6 storage cylinders to terrorist attack is apparently not the subject of public reports. In 2005, 686,500 tonnes in 57,122 storage cylinders were located near Portsmouth, Ohio, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky. These elevated readings appear to coincide with Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan, and the Shock and Awe bombing campaign at the start of the Second Gulf War. [9] A quick release source of potassium, Sul-Po-Mag … When the number of cancer cases in the vicinity of the accident rose disproportionately in the years after, suspicion rose that the depleted uranium ballast in the jet may have been the cause. [8] It is only weakly radioactive because of the long radioactive half-life of uranium-238 (4468 million years) and the low amounts of uranium-234 (half-life about 246,000 years) and uranium-235 (half-life 700 million years). US Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations at 10 CFR 40.25 establish a general license for the use of depleted uranium contained in industrial products or devices for mass-volume applications. [23][24] The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry states that: "to be exposed to radiation from uranium, you have to eat, drink, or breathe it, or get it on your skin. particulate or gaseous), oxidation state (e.g. Selon une autre hypothèse, il proviendrait du mot celto-ligure pades, mot désignant une résine d'une variété de pin sauvage abondant à sa source. The U.S. Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships. [25], Like any other uranium compound, it is radioactive, and precautions should be taken. Au début du XVIIe siècle, les doges, inquiets de l'ensablement de leur lagune, firent dévier le cours du Pô vers le sud-est. Our Services. [145], In 2001, the World Health Organization reported that data from Kosovo was inconclusive and called for further studies. [38] More than 300,000 DU rounds were fired during the 2003 war, the vast majority by US troops.[37]. [54], In September 2008, and in response to the 2007 General Assembly resolution, the UN Secretary General published the views of 15 states alongside those of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and World Health Organization (WHO). The hazard from depleted uranium is both very limited, and limited to very specific circumstances". Ingestion or inhalation may be fatal. Each cylinder holds up to 12.7 tonnes (14 short tons) of UF6. One formulation has a composition of 99.25% by mass of depleted uranium and 0.75% by mass of titanium. — (Emmanuel Todd, Le Fou et le Prolétaire, 1979, réédition revue et augmenté… [49], The European Parliament has repeatedly passed resolutions requesting an immediate moratorium on the further use of depleted uranium ammunition,[50][51] but France and Britain – the only European states that are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—have consistently rejected calls for a ban,[52] maintaining that its use continues to be legal, and that the health risks are unsubstantiated. It is a river that flows eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps. [19], Depleted uranium is further produced by recycling spent nuclear fuel,[20] in which case it contains traces of neptunium and plutonium. [131], Though a more comprehensive assessment is possible, a 2011 update on a cancer scare regarding Italian soldiers who had served in the Balkans found lower than expected incidence rates for all cancers, a finding "consistent with lacking evidence of an increased cancer incidence among troops of other countries deployed in the areas of Iraq, Bosnia, and Kosovo, where armour-penetrating depleted uranium shells have been used. Only the US and the UK have acknowledged using DU weapons. [118] Simon Wessely praised the IOM's review, and noted that, despite its central conclusion that no novel syndrome existed, its other findings made it "equally clear that service in the Gulf war did aversely affect health in some personnel". Studies in 2005 and earlier have concluded that DU ammunition has no measurable detrimental health effects. [37] In a three-week period of conflict in Iraq during 2003, it was estimated that between 1000 and 2000 tonnes of depleted uranium munitions were used. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHindinBruggePanikkar2005 (, Campaign Against Depleted Uranium (Spring, 2004). [57], On 21 June 2009, Belgium became the first country in the world to ban: "inert ammunition and armour that contains depleted uranium or any other industrially manufactured uranium. Natural uranium metal contains about 0.71% U-235, 99.28% U-238, and about 0.0054% U-234. Its use has been phased out in many newer aircraft. For instance, some late-production M1A1HA and M1A2 Abrams tanks built after 1998 have DU modules integrated into their Chobham armor, as part of the armor plating in the front of the hull and the front of the turret, and there is a program to upgrade the rest. [47], A number of anti-war activists specializing in international humanitarian law have questioned the legality of the continued use of depleted uranium weapons, highlighting that the effects may breach the principle of distinction (between civilians and military personnel). This general license allows anyone to possess or use depleted uranium for authorized purposes. [133], Substantial amounts of uranium were accumulating in their brains and central nervous systems, and showed a significant reduction of neuronal activity in the hippocampus in response to external stimuli. Pen Duick VI, a boat designed by André Mauric [fr] and used for racing, was equipped with a keel of depleted uranium. Au Moyen Âge, le Pô devint l'une des principales routes commerciales entre Venise et les villes du nord de l'Italie. The military specifications designate that the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) contain less than 0.3% 235U. "[77] If DU particles do enter an individual, the type of danger presented—toxic vs. radiological—and the organ most likely to be affected depend on the solubility of the particles. In the U.S. alone, 560,000 tonnes of depleted UF6 had accumulated by 1993. In depleted uranium the amounts of U-235 and U-234 are both reduced, but there is still much more radiation from the U-234 than from the U-235. Marshall also examined possible genetic effects due to radiation from depleted uranium. Le Pô prend sa source à Pian del Re sur le territoire de la commune de Crissolo au pied du Monte Viso, à 2 022 mètres d'altitude, dans les Alpes occidentales du Piémont, et se jette dans la mer Adriatique, en formant un vaste delta de 380 km débutant à proximité de Ferrare, où le Pô se divise en trois branches : Le Pô principale (au nord de Ferrare), depuis Ferrare en Pô de Volano et Po di Primaro (ou Primaro ou Po morto di Primaro), pour former le Delta du Pô. Le Rhône prend sa source dans le massif du Saint-Gothard, dans les Alpes. After testing various metals, ordnance researchers settled on depleted uranium. À la Renaissance, le fleuve est un lien entre les seigneuries installées le long de son cours, comme Mantoue et Ferrare, un moyen de transport, une source de profits, mais aussi une ligne de défense face aux puissants voisins de ces seigneuries qui lui doivent une position stratégique essentielle dans le contexte militaire et diplomatique de l'Italie de l'époque[2]. Agreement states may have similar, or more stringent, regulations. Le Pô prend sa source à Pian del Re sur le territoire de la commune de Crissolo au pied du Monte Viso, à 2 022 mètres d'altitude, dans les Alpes occidentales du Piémont, et se jette dans la mer Adriatique, en formant un vaste delta de 380 km2 débutant à proximité de Ferrare, où le Pô se divise en trois branches : Le Pô principale (au nord de Ferrare), depuis Ferrare en Pô de Volano et Po di Primaro (ou Primaro ou Po morto di Primaro), pour former le Delta du Pô. Originally published May 19, 2017. Equalizer APO is a parametric / graphic equalizer for Windows. [91], Surveying the veteran-related evidence pertaining to the Gulf War, a 2001 editorial in the BMJ concluded that it was not possible to justify claims of radiation-induced lung cancer and leukaemia in veterans of that conflict. Les systèmes d'alarme s'étant activés immédiatement, les pompiers, les services de la protection civile et l'ARPA (Agence Régionale pour la Protection de l'Environnement) posent des obstacles pour éviter le déversement du pétrole dans le Pô. In natural uranium, about 49% of the radiation comes from U-238, 49% from U-234, and 2% from U-235. This ICJ opinion was about nuclear weapons, but the sentence "The terms have been understood, in the practice of States, in their ordinary sense as covering weapons whose prime, or even exclusive, effect is to poison or asphyxiate," also removes depleted uranium weaponry from coverage by the same treaties as their primary use is not to poison or asphyxiate, but to destroy materiel and kill soldiers through kinetic energy. Depleted uranium has a very high density and is primarily used as shielding material for other radioactive material, and as ballast. [114][115] In 1999, an assessment of the first 1,000 veterans involved in the Ministry of Defence's Gulf War medical assessment programme found "no evidence" of a single illness, physical or mental, that would explain the pattern of symptoms observed in the group. It was formed in 1802, when the Subalpine Republic (formerly the mainland portion of the Kingdom of Sardinia) was directly annexed to France. [151], Depleted uranium has been named as a possible contributing factor to a high incidence of birth defects and cancer near the Salto di Quirra weapons testing range on the Italian island of Sardinia. [2] Natural uranium contains about 0.72% U-235, while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contains 0.3% U-235 or less. Le nom latin Padus provient selon l'hypothèse la plus probable de la même racine. Epidemiological studies and toxicological tests on laboratory animals point to it as being immunotoxic,[97] teratogenic,[98][99] neurotoxic,[100] with carcinogenic and leukemogenic potential. [6] A 2005 epidemiology review concluded: "In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU. [78] When depleted uranium munitions penetrate armor or burn, they create depleted uranium oxides in the form of dust that can be inhaled or contaminate wounds. It is possible to design civilian power-generating reactors using unenriched fuel, but only about 10%[14] of those ever built (such as the CANDU reactor) use that technology. "[148], A team of Italian scientists from the University of Siena reported in 2005 that, although DU was "clearly" added to the soil in the study area, "the phenomenon was very limited spatially and the total uranium concentrations fell within the natural range of the element in soils. Le batelier se servait également d’une grande perche pour pousser, lui-même marchant de long de la barque de l'avant à l'arrière. The biological half-life (the average time it takes for the human body to eliminate half the amount in the body) for uranium is about 15 days. The origin and time of introduction of the carcinogenic agent causing the genetic stress the group will address in a separate report. [10] It also called on the Parlatino's members to work towards an international uranium weapons treaty.[61]. le Pô de la Pila, le seul bras navigable ; La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 15 novembre 2020 à 12:53. [78], In military conflicts involving DU munitions, the major concern is inhalation of DU particles in aerosols arising from the impacts of DU-enhanced projectiles with their targets. [161], A 2002 study from the Australian defense ministry concluded that "there has been no established increase in mortality or morbidity in workers exposed to uranium in uranium processing industries... studies of Gulf War veterans show that, in those who have retained fragments of depleted uranium following combat related injury, it has been possible to detect elevated urinary uranium levels, but no kidney toxicity or other adverse health effects related to depleted uranium after a decade of follow-up. [59] In April 2009, the Belgian Senate voted unanimously to restrict investments by Belgian banks into the manufacturers of depleted uranium weapons. The less radioactive and non-fissile uranium-238 constitutes the main component of depleted uranium. Yes, I’d like to receive local and national offers, promotions, contests, newsletters and other information about products and services by email and other electronic messaging from Source For Sports and its respective affiliated independently owned and operated stores, Sports Distributors of Canada Ltd., and their marketing partners. [85] Militaries have long had risk-reduction procedures for their troops to follow,[86] and studies are in consistent agreement that veterans who used DU-enhanced munitions have not suffered, so far, from an increased risk of cancer (see the Gulf War and Balkans sections below). Natural uranium contains about 0.72% U-235, while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contains 0.3% U-235 or less. En 1980, l’Italie est d'ailleurs déjà celui des pays du Marché commun qui a les plus graves problèmes d'environnement : des égouts de Naples aux pollutions chimiques de la plaine du Pô, la péninsule exprime son incivisme glorieux. Disposing of the whole DUF6 inventory could cost anywhere from 15 to 450 million dollars.[29]. [127][128] Looking at the risk of children of UK Gulf War veterans suffering genetic diseases such as congenital malformations, commonly called "birth defects", one study found that the overall risk of any malformation was 50% higher in Gulf War veterans as compared to other veterans. Il couvre une grande partie de la plaine du Pô, région la plus riche d'Italie. The group compares the dramatic increase, five years after wartime exposure in 2004, with the lymphoma that Italian peacekeepers[142] developed after the Balkan wars and the increased cancer risk in certain parts of Sweden because of the Chernobyl fallout.